Knowledge Matters

Understanding knowledge relationships

knowledge model

The Six Knows Model and Visual Thinking

A simple model which I find useful is the “Six Knows Knowledge Model ” shown below. The model has its origins in the Rudyard Kipling poem “I Keep Six Honest Serving-Men ” , but no doubt I will be challenged on this assertion! That said it is a model that serves me well, except I would add ‘know how much’ as a node. 

The Six Knows Knowledge Model

Now Dan Roam , quite independently of me, has enhanced the usefulness of the model by introducing a visual thinking element to it - he's also picked up on the how much dimension. Have a look at this presentation , but in particular slide seven (the preceding slides give some background and explanation). What I really like is the ability to add some discipline and consistency to my mind-mapping and rich pictures. With just six icons I can now draw the essence of a problem or a solution. Sure the devil is in the detail, but if nothing else this exercise aids clarity and helps to get to common understanding and shared meaning.

4-Pane Achromatopsia

eye chartIt seems to me that knowledge management suffers from 4-pane achromatopsia. What the hell are you talking about I hear you say! Well achromatopsia is a congenital vision disorder characterised by complete colour-blindness, central visual acuity loss, extreme light sensitivity, and rapid involuntary eye wobble. To put it another way the unfortunate individuals with achromatopsia have a limited field of vision, have great difficulty keeping focus, and wear dark glasses most of the time which further restricts their vision.

What do I mean by 4-pane? It seems to me we have a love affair with quadrant models. Just have a poke around the web and look at the various models. Beginning in the 1950’s we have Johari Windows and the Prisoner’s Dilemma models – the first designed as diagnostic to understand interpersonal communication and relationships, and the second to understand behaviour, decision-making and strategy. In the 1960’s we have Blake and Moutons’ Managerial Grid , which uses four panes to explain leadership styles. If we jump forward to the 1990’s we have Goffee and Jones’ Corporate Culture Model, where corporate culture is measured on solidarity and sociability axes. The result is a 4-pane window where corporate culture is classified as fragmented, networked, communal and mercenary.

To bring the discussion right into the knowledge management world, we must include Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi famous SECI Model – socialisation, externalisation, combination, and internalisation. And why not include Dave Snowden’s Cynefin Decision-making Framework, with its four panes – simple, complicated, complex, and chaotic? Patrick Lambe has his Knowledge Lens Framework – logos, sophos, ethos and pathos – and Matt Moore has his communication typology . Even my Knowledge Productivity Target and Stakeholder Management Target are quadrant models.

Is the Pyramid to Wisdom Model Useful?

There is a good deal of criticism of the data, information, knowledge, wisdom model of knowledge, which is sometimes called the DIKW hierarchy but I prefer to call it the ‘pyramid to wisdom’. Most of the criticism says the model is too simple. I wonder, however, if the model has some use. As usual it is useful to return to source documents.

In knowledge management circles Russell Ackoff is usually credited as the originator of the hierarchy, and indeed published two seminal papers, the first in 1989. However Milan Zeleny published a paper two years before Ackoff, and Harlan Cleveland published a paper in 1982. Both of these authors mention the hierarchy and provide examples.

I personally find the explanations all authors provide to be quite useful. For example Zelany says - “While data and information are piecemeal, partial and atomized by their very nature, knowledge and wisdom are ‘holistic’ related to and expressed through systemic network patterns, integrative by definition”. He goes on to say – “To manage wisely implies knowing why to do something; to manage effectively implies knowing what to do; to manage efficiently implies knowing how to do it (and to ‘muddle through’ implies nothing and having ‘lots of data’ around)”. I would be surprised if these descriptions do not resonate with you.

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